The author of this book starts out from the principle that the evolution of science cannot be understood as a simple cumulative process which is no more than an increase in the number of scientifically established facts, that for the dissemination of scientific and philosophical knowledge, intellectuals, scientists, are required, as is the existence and operation of a certain intellectual community, and that channels of communication (schools, books, periodicals) for the members of this community between themselves and with society are essential. It is in this spirit that the evolution of scientific thought in the period of the Modern Greek Renascence (Modern Greek Enlightenment), from the mid seventeenth century (Theophilos Korydaleus) to the Revolution (1821), a period in which the beginnings of modern Greek scientific thought can be identified, is examined. The Modern Greek Renascence was enacted through a constant progression, which, though dialectically interwoven with the European Enlightenment - with which it sought to keep pace, to enter into partnership - belonged within the historical evolution of Hellenism, without sudden ruptures and lapses, and without interrupting its cultural and intellectual continuity.